Chemistry of Anti-money Counterfeiting Technology Essay

I. Abstract Counterfeiting money is a big business for criminals. Nearly $70 million of fake currency gets used daily, costing consumers millions. In the present day, there are many new technologies that have been discovered and studied in order to help put counterfeiters out of business. Our currency is something that we must protect, which is why these technologies and discoveries are very important in the safety and development of our economy. The new generation of Philippine banknotes includes new and more advanced technology to ensure the safety of the genuine Philippine banknotes. This is to prevent money counterfeiting in our country. These new features include more advanced photo editing, which features micro printing on the different images and texts on the banknotes, a unique rough texture, a new system of serial numbering, advanced security fibers and security threads, watermark technology, and optically variable ink. These are the most advanced and efficient methods of preventing mon ey counterfeiting today. Provided in this paper is a detailed explanation and description of each security precaution and a detailed review of the methods used to execute them. II. Denominations of Currency The new generation Philippine banknotes composes of the denominations twenty, fifty, one hundred, two hundred, five hundred, and one thousand peso bills. The new twenty-piso bill honors President Manuel L. Quezon, the first President of the Republic of the Philippines on the front of the bill while the reverse shows the image of the breathtaking Banaue Rice Teraces and the Palm Civet from the Cordilleras. The fifty-piso bill commemorates President Sergio Osmeà ±a who led our country at the critical stage of World War II. The reverse shows an image of the Taal Lake, one of the world’s smallest active volcanoes and the Maliputo Fish. The one hundred-piso bill pays tribute to President Manuel Roxas who prioritized the crafting of the Central Bank charter then provided the leadership for the reconstruction of our country after the devastation of the Second World War. On the reverse, the near perfect cone-shaped Mayon Volcano and the Butanding or Whale Shark is also featured. The two hundred-piso bill features President Diosdado Macapagal who restored the celebration of Philippine independence on June 12. The reverse features the unique icon of Bohol, the Chocolate Hills and the Tarsier. The five hundred-piso bill is a salute to the champions of Philippine democracy, Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. and President Corazon Aquino. The reverse features the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park. Finally, the one thousand-piso bill features three of our war heroes, Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos, Josefa Llanes Escoda, and General Vicente P. Lim. The reverse features the Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park and the world famous South Sea Pearl. Figure 1 The money denominations come in specific color schemes of orange for the twenty-piso bill, red for the fifty-piso bill, violet for the one hundred-piso bill, green for the two hundred-piso bill, yellow for the five hundred-piso bill, and blue for the one thousand-piso bill. III. Security Features The Philippine Banknote or the Philippine Peso Bill finds the need to be current with the use of new technology to enhance the security of banknotes to remain impossible to replicate by criminals. The new generation Philippine banknotes incorporates the latest available technology in banknote security. This is the reason that they have developed new designs and upgraded the security features of all our banknotes. A. Photo Editing The Central bank of the Philippines uses a special photo editing software to ensure specific prints that are impossible to copy by criminals. Some of these specifications include nano prints on the images, lines, and words on the banknotes. B. Texture The note is not smooth to the touch, but a bit rough. This is because the bank notes are made of 80% cotton and 20% Philippine Abaca. Aside from that, the raised prints that are embossing from the Intaglio printing process give the bill a unique tactile feel. Intaglio printing is a printing technique in which the image is incised into a surface. Normally, copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn) are used, and the incisions are created by etching ot engraving the image. In printing, the surface is covered in ink and then rubbed vigourously with tartalan cloth or newspaper to remove ink from the surface, leaving it in theincisions. The very sharp printing obtained from the intaglio process is hard to imitate by other means. Intaglio also allows for the creation of latent images, which are only visible when the document is viewed at a very shallow angle. Figure 2 C. Serial Numbers The serial numbers are composed of one or two prefix letters and six to seven digits in asymmetric or increasing size. Serial numbers are not difficult to forge; yet they make banknotes easier to track and audit. Figure 3 D. Security Fibers The paper used to print our currency has tiny threads of fibers embedded into the paper. These red and blue fibers glow under ultraviolet light. If the bill has no red and blue fibers that glow, then it is probably a fake bill. Fluorescent marks are the invisible phosphor dyes on banknotes that glow under UV or blacklight. This glow will be visible under a money detector device. There are two kinds of security fibers. The first one is the visible security fibers. These are easily seen in current Philippine banknotes as the blue and red fibers that are randomly spread throughout the front and back of the paper. The other kind is the invisible security fiber. These glow a fluorescent yellow under ultraviolet light. Genuine security fibers in Philippine banknotes can be easily plucked out (yes, try it!) with the aid of a needle. Counterfeit money usually only prints the fibers on paper, thus they cannot be plucked out. Figure 4 E. Watermarks The watermark shows a shadowed image of the portrait and the banknotes’ denomination on the blank space when viewed against the light from either side of the bill. This is possible due to paper density variations. Figure 5 The word â€Å"Pilipino†, written in our ancient Filipino alphabet, Baybayin, can be seen in its complete form when the banknote is viewed against the light. F. Concealed Value When the banknote is rotated at a 45-degree angle and tilted downwards, we can see the concealed denominational value super imposed on the smaller version of the portrait. Figure 7 G. Security Threads Both the twenty-piso and the fifty-piso have a 2mm wide security thread that can be visible when viewed against the light. The one hundred, two hundred, five hundred, and one thousand-piso bills have a 4mm wide stich-like security thread embedded on the bill and when viewed from different angles, its color changes from red to green. The embedded security thread is a special thread vertically implanted off center of the note during the manufacture of the banknote paper. The front of the thread carries a clear text – the initials of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and the numeric denomination of the bank note. The back of the thread is also printed with the initials BSP. There are two kinds of security threads. One is a thin aluminum (Al) coated and partly demutualized polyester film thread with microprinting, which is embedded in the security paper as banknote or passport paper. The other kind of security thread is the single or multicolor sewing thread made from cotton or synthetic fibers, mostly UV fluorescent, for the bookbinding of passport booklets. Figure 8 H. Optically Variable Device Patch The five hundred-piso bill and the one thousand-piso bill have the optically variable device patch, a reflective foil. For the five hundred-piso bill, it reveals the small BSP (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) logo and the blue parrot, while the one thousand-piso bill reveals the small BSP logo and the South Sea Pearl inside a clam. The patches change color from red to green when the note is rotated 90-degrees. Figure 9 I. Optically Variable Ink A security feature exclusive to the one thousand-piso note is the optically variable ink for the embossed denomination value on the lower right corner on the face of the banknote, which changes color from green to blue when it is viewed in different angles. Color changing inks are inks containing pearlescent pigments that change color when viewed at a different angle. The color of the ink does not actually change, but the angle of the light to the viewer’s eye changes and thus creates the change in color. A number of types are available, including green to purple, gold to green and green to lilac. Optically variable inks (OVI) are very expensive inks applied on banknotes as a security feature. So far, only the 1000 peso bills have this. There are two versions of OVI printing on the 1000 peso banknotes. This is an excellent security feature because counterfeiters will need a lot of effort and money to replicate it. They are called optically variable inks because tiny flakes of color-shifting film are incorporated in the intaglio ink. Thus, prints of OVI change color when viewed from different angles.

High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program Essay

This is the biggest ionospheric heater on the planet. Being able to heat a one thousand square kilometer area of the ionosphere all the way to fifty thousand degrees. This heater is also a phased array. This means that it is capable to steer and when the waves and be physically aimed to a selected target area. What scientists have found out is that if you send radio frequency energy up and focusing it, it then causes a heating effect. This event then literally lifts the ionosphere within a 30-mile diameter area and furthermore changing pressure systems that were at homeostasis. The act of moving is an amazing event in the fact that humans can harness this power, this is a very dangerous reality we live in. One of the worst set backs is that the scientists cannot model the system in a good way. The long term consequences of this atmospheric heating are not known this fare but this is still used which can be doing terrible things to this environment. Changing weather in point A will create more powerful storms that merge together creating more destructive storms down the line. The most dangerous facts about this is that H.A.A.R.P. has already been charged in altering the weather which is just outrageous to even think of. H.A.A.R.P. stands for High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program. The purpose behind this program â€Å"is to study the properties and behavior of the ionosphere, with particular emphasis on being able to understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civilian and defense purposes† (2). This program is committed to developing a world-class ionospheric research lab, which includes: the ionospheric research instrument, and a sophisticated suite of scientific instruments. The ionspheric research instrument is a high power transmitter lab that functions in the high frequency range. The sophisticated instruments will be very helpful in a wide range of on going research efforts, which don’t include the IRI, however are strictly passive. The observation of this event of what the IRI creates in a controlled environment will let scientists gain a better understanding of what happens under the natural stimulation of the sun. This intense program is controlled and run by the United States Air Force in Gakona, Alaska. The individuals most interesting in harnessing this power, who are investing toward research in charge of this are the Air Force, Navy, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. This government are in charge of this and had personnel chosen to fit the needs of what the government was most interested which is normal because the U.S. government is notorious with covering up very outrageous situations created by the government. The reason the Department of Defense is included in this is because they ensure arctic research to ensure the further creation of knowledge, meaning and potential to catch up with the national defense needs in the arctic. â€Å"Interest in ionosphere research at HAARP grows from both of the large number of communication, surveillance and navigation systems that have radio paths which pass through the ionosphere, and from the unexplored potential of technological innovations which suggest applications such as detecting underground objects, communicating to great depths in the sea or earth, and generating infrared and optical emissions†(3). Expanding our knowledge about the interactions of signals passing through or reflecting from the ionosphere can help to solve future problems in the development of DoD systems, and could as well enhance the utilization of commercial systems which rely on the expedient transfer of real-time communications however on the downside will have detr imental aftereffects in the future also so it is a win-lose situation making it not worth it in my eyes. In the process of H.A.A.R.P. research I don’t think the higher ups care at all or maybe even know how bad this is to do to one of earths most important layer of the earth because it weakens the electrically-charged sphere which covers earths upper atmosphere. â€Å"It filters out X-rays, Cosmic rays and various particle streams that would be quite damaging to life on earth†(1). In fact the altering of the ionosphere would be significantly worse for earth than anything that would result from ozone depletion and is being done everyday. â€Å"They found that the signal sent up was amplified by a thousand times when it arrived there. HAARP, when it is fully completed, will have one billion watts of effective radiative power†(1). This is completely incredible to know the amount of artificial energy that has been built up in the atmosphere that can transform into stronger storms and will be able to destroy the earth. Scientists should start looking into this so that when we have grandkids the earth is not crumbling away and will be able to be enjoyed to future generations.

The Power Consumption

The power consumption for sending (or receiving) a single message in a mobile phone Abstract: We measure overall SMS, Whatapps and Wechat for the power consumption of a single message. These results are validated by overall power measurements of two other devices: the Battery Doctor and Battery Detective. We discuss the significance of the power drawn by the various length and time of texting messages, and identify the most promising areas to focus on for further improvements of power management. We also analyze the energy impact of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling of the device’s application processor.Introduction: In recent years, people have a mobile phone in their hands all the day. At the same time, device functionality is increasing rapidly. In the number of applications, texting messages occupied an important part. Hence, optimal management of power consumption of devices such as SMS, WhatsApp and WeChat is critical. In this paper we attempt to answer how much of t he system’s energy is consumed by sending (or receiving) a single message of the system and under what circumstances. And we will use IPhone5 as the experimental product.Furthermore, we validate the results with computing manually and the additional mobile device: Battery Doctor, Battery Detective. Material: Experimental product: IPhone5 (IOS6. 1. 2) Timer Testing Applications: Messages, WhatsApp, WeChat Measuring Application: Battery Doctor and Battery Detective Formula: 1)The time of sending each message=The time of the usage of 1% power/ Number of messages. 2) Average electricity consumption of each message ( with the Wifi usage)= 1% power of Iphone 5/ Number of messages. ) Average electricity consumption of each message ( without the Wifi usage) =(1% power of Iphone 5/ Number of messages) – (The time of sending each message x The power consumption rate of wifi function). Methodology: Device under test Experimental setup When an iPhone is not actively being used (th e screen is off), the biggest power drain are the various radios: WiFi, 3G and Bluetooth. So first tip is to turn off any service you don’t need. Settings are useful in doing so with one tap. There is some information you need to calculate before we collect the data.Therefore, after you turn off all the service that you do not use, you have to turn on the Battery Doctor and check out the battery usage of your phone and calculate how much usage if 1%power. In the case of IPhone 5, the battery usage is 1430, therefore IPhone 5 1% power= 1430/100= 14. 30 mAh. Also, you can use the Battery Doctor to check out how long you still can use on that percentage of battery. Then, according to the Doctor Battery, when IPhone 5 in 41% power, it can use 8hrs 15mins without the WiFi function. If use with the WiFi function, it can use 7hrs 13mins.Therefore, you can calculate that: The power of IPhone 5 in 41%: 14. 3mAh x 41 = 586. 3mAh The power consumption rate of IPhone 5 without the WiFi f unction: 586. 3 mAh/[(60 x 8 +15) x 60] = 0. 0197 mAh s-1 The power consumption rate of IPhone 5 without the WiFi function: 586. 3 mAh/[(60 x7 +13) x 60] = 0. 0226 mAh s-1 The power consumption rate of WiFi function: 0. 0226 – 0. 0197 = 0. 0029 mAh s-1 Then, you get all the basic information which you need, and you can turn off the Battery Doctor, and start to collect the data. Then, you need to let your phone natural reduce 1% power.After it you can use the timer to count time and type your message and send it out. After you use 1% of power, you can stop the timer and count how many messages did u sent and record it. Then, you need to repeat to collect those data several times. However, you also need to do it in different power percentage, to collect more data. After u collect the data of time and number of messages sending, you can use those formula to calculate the information. Software Excel, Word, Battery Doctor, Battery Detective Results We had collected the data from 3 different power level, high power (>80%), general power (20-80%), and lower power (

Read articals and answer in discussion Assignment

Read articals and answer in discussion - Assignment Example Information Systems have the capacity to distinguish the performance of an organization from another. There are areas of information technology that have not been explored and fully exhausted. For example, the area of data mining, artificial intelligence and robotics, decision support system and system automation. In the dynamic business world, there are newly emerging needs of information technology that continues to raise the new needs of information System solutions. For example, the present business world requires real time systems such as mobile applications. The demand for new data communication methodologies is continuously rising and their efficiencies place organizations in different ranks (Dychà © 10). The third rule for IT management is right. IT managers should place more emphasis on the vulnerability as opposed to the opportunities that it offers. There reason for this is that IT already has a guarantee of opportunities, so there is no need of wasting efforts searching for them. Secondly, Information Technology faces unpredictable threats that can be extremely costly. IT systems should be able to take care of information within an organization and guard them from external malicious attacks. There is especially an emerging trend of cyber crime threat against Information System Solutions. This is what should worry an organization. In fact, for as long as the system is exposed to vulnerability, even the opportunities do not serve any purpose to the organization. Information Systems Risk management is an essential function that an organization cannot do without unless it is planning to remain at risk of attacks. The management of an organization must therefore have a method of iden tifying possible risks, their causes and possible controls to put in place to regulate the exposure of sensitive data to external entities. There should be a continuous review of the risks to identify the most critical dangers that the

Assess the significance of the rapid colonisation of Africa on Coursework

Assess the significance of the rapid colonisation of Africa on international relations in years 1884-1904 - Coursework Example More specifically, the period of analysis which is a focal point of this discussion is the period of 1884-1904 which can be identified as the point of commencement of the colonization process. As stated previously, colonization marked the beginning of a period which saw the incorporation of Africa with the dynamics of the structural elements which were present on the global political stage at the time. Even though, this integration can be traced back to the events which took place in the late nineteenth century, the structural dependency which was acquired by African nations from their European colonizers continues to exist in the present scenario.3Given this observation, a critical question which is relevant to the discussion regarding the significance of African colonization on international relations, addresses the notion of the structure that was granted by Africa’s European colonizers to its society. Before, the process of colonization had begun; the international law did not view Africa as the ideal res publica for in the eyes of the European guild of nations the continent was merely res nullias and therefore, open for the execution of Europe authority and display of tremendous power.4Perhaps, the most fundamental event which expounds upon the effects of the rapid African colonization on the dynamics of global relations is that of the Berlin Conference, 1884, the proceedings of which dictated the regulations surrounding the partition of the African continent.5While, the tenets of the conference aimed to suggest a proposal for granting the European powers with a part of Africa’s land, the ownership of which was still maintained by Africans on specific grounds, it must be noted that the proposals that were addressed in the meeting had a long term impact on the relations of European states. More importantly, the event which took place in Berlin in 1884 enhanced Germany’s stance as a colonial empire.6 In order to execute the recommendatio ns of the Berlin Conference in a suitable manner, the meeting proposed the approval of pact which was termed as the â€Å"Protection of Friendship† to be agreed by the existing leaders of African lands and European statesmen to grant the latter with access to the former’s territories.7This observation leads to the discussion regarding the presence of international relations between the colonized nation and the colonizer. With regards to the autonomy and decision making rights that were granted to African colonies, it can be claimed that the political structure which was allowed to subsist in the nations was hollow and weak. For one, the political dependence of African states marred them from establishing a state of sovereignty and disallowed

Effects of Globalisation on Bolivia in the last 5 years PowerPoint Presentation

Effects of Globalisation on Bolivia in the last 5 years - PowerPoint Presentation Example In the 2009 elections, he again came in to power by winning the election with a huge margin and now making attempts to change the system of his country. Figure 1: Map of Bolivia Source: Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book, 2011 Bolivian Economy: Bolivia is among the poorest and the most undeveloped country in the Latin American region. There was a devastating economic crisis in Bolivia in the early 80s but then the economic reforms were made which improved the economy as well as reduced the poverty in the country. In the time period between 2003- 2005, there was political disturbance in the country along with racial clashes mainly on the issue of export of natural gas to northern hemisphere region. In 2005, newly elected government passed the hydrocarbon law according to which the royalties were raised significantly resulting in the withdrawal of all the local companies from the sector and foreign companies started to operate in the country. In 2008 due to higher rates o f oil and gas, the surplus was significantly higher but in the later years, the economy started to decline due to following factors; i. Global Recession. ii. Decreased prices of oil and gas worldwide. iii. Poor infrastructure of the country. iv. Economic sanctions imposed by USA on Bolivia. a. GDP: Figure 2: GDP from 2000-2009 Source: Index Mundi, 2008. b. Exports and Imports: The main exports of the country include natural gas which constitutes the main financial reserve of the country and apart from this; the other exports include soybeans, crude petroleum, zinc ore and tin. Major countries which are involved in importing these items from Bolivia are Brazil which constitutes the largest export partner of Bolivia followed by USA, Japan, Columbia, South Korea and Peru. Main imports of the country include petroleum products, paper and plastics, aircrafts and their parts, ready to serve foods, automobiles and insecticides. The main partners in imports are Brazil, Argentina, USA, Chile and Peru. Figure 3: Exports of Bolivia Source: www.amchambolivia.com Figure 4: Imports of Bolivia Source: Index Mundi, 2008. c. Investment Opportunities: Direct Foreign Investment (DFI) is the main contributor to the growth in the private investment sector in the country. It has grown from 169 million US$ to about 1,000 million US$ in just seven years from 1992 to 1999. It represents about 10% of the GDP. The rapid increase in DFI in these years was basically due to process of privatization which was completed in 1999 and afterwards the DFI started to fall. In addition to this, the economic conditions got better in the neighboring countries and as a result, the DFI fell further in the years after 1999. The government from 2005 is working to have good economic conditions which support the interests of foreign investors. As a result of this commitment, irrespective of the social and political unrest in the country, GDP has grown to about 4% in last seven quarters. The overall deficit had narrowed and there was a surplus of 4.2% in 2006, the main reason for this improvement is the government policy about the hydrocarbon sector increasing its exports. Other factors include better revenue system as well as reform in

Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Business - Essay Example The tradition based culture places emphasis on traditions, history and established conventions. The market systems in the tradition based cultures are dissimilar compared to the modern based cultures; hence, both social and economic factors influence the adaptation and development of marketing institutions. The willingness of the Chinese culture to relinquish its traditional ways and adopt new ones is unlikely. Culture influences the behavior of a customer. Company A must therefore, carry out a cultural orientation to establish and maintain, through vendor loyalty, adequate small retailers reinforced by an efficient, multi-tied distribution networks (Hall, 2000). Major Cross Cultural Issues There are a number of cross cultural issues which may affect or impact the manner in which Company A will conduct its marketing. The first one is the difference in leadership. A company from the west may find the rules and regulations of operations from China as being stringent. A company from the West is somewhat liberal and would find it find the conservative nature of the Chinese people as being somewhat limiting. The other aspect is the perception. The perception of people from the west and those from China is different. This stems from the fact that their cultures are different. With full appreciation of the facts, company A would require to get a somewhat different approach that would ensure that they capture as many clients as possible. The Impact of Cross-Cultural Ethical Differences in the Strategies of Marketing between the United States and China To promote and market in the Eastern Asian market, it is essential for the US to understand China’s culture. This means the US must have knowledge of the way the Chinese handle business, as well as how they market their merchandise. For example, the mode that Company A will use to publicize specialized machine locomotive modules may develop a direct effect on sales in China. Hence, it is important to note that adve rtising suitable in America could be offensive in China. The manner in which men and women interact is crucial in China. In addition, the Chinese are sensitive to advertisements that expose women negatively. Company A must consider such conditions when using women to advertise their products (Peterson, 2011). The Americans in China must consider what is essential to the Chinese when marketing in the country in order to advertise to them appropriately. Errors have been experienced where the Chinese did not heed to lubricant fighting soaps, while in reality, this was crucial to the Chinese. When Company A advertisements specialized machinery engine modules to the Chinese, it should contemplate what is essential to the Chinese in respect for it to market successfully. In addition, the Chinese run their businesses differently from the Americans, and people consider them harsh and rough in regard to their working strategies. Understanding the Chinese trade practices will enable Company A to have a cautious approach to negotiation, as the Chinese do not haste into assessments. They prefer reflecting over matters before making decisions. Lack of this information may cause Company A to encounter losses. This may happen when dealing with harsh suppositions such as extensive value increment, especially when there is little acknowledgement during consultations. These

The Portfolio Of Journey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Portfolio Of Journey - Essay Example Re-reading the paper, I spotted a few sentences which could've used a comma or two, and a few that could've done without it. I realized that using appropriate punctuation would make them much easier to read. Recognizing these flaws reinforced my belief that my writing sensibilities are now more sophisticated than before. In terms of structure, one of my main weaknesses is maintaining a smooth flow of ideas and making transitional sentences so that there is an effortless shift in between paragraphs.Re-reading the paper, I spotted a few sentences which could've used a comma or two, and a few that could've done without it. I realized that using appropriate punctuation would make them much easier to read. Recognizing these flaws reinforced my belief that my writing sensibilities are now more sophisticated than before. In terms of structure, one of my main weaknesses is maintaining a smooth flow of ideas and making transitional sentences so that there is an effortless shift in between par agraphs. In my second portfolio example, â€Å"History of Child Abuse† ideas and issues were raised about the very definition of child abuse for it differs in various sociological and cultural contexts. I can deeply relate to this because, in the country where I'm from, child abuse is not something that is discussed openly. This premise has, in a way, challenged my preconceived beliefs and innate cultural sensibilities. I had to approach this topic without biases, and in the end, I was rather pleased with the results. It also exposed me to this abominable side of humans, something that has only gained attention in recent times. But this sordid view of humanity kindled a spark of fire in me. Learning about the history of child abuse made me more aware, and it established a foundation to the opinions that I proudly hold until now.   I had to look at a considerable body of literature doing the research for this paper, so maintaining organization is an essential aspect. And tho ugh I had some difficulty finding the words.

Restricting Free Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Restricting Free Speech - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that freedom of speech or rather freedom of expression is the political right to communicate one’s ideas or opinions. While freedom of speech is used synonymously with freedom of expression, the latter includes all acts of seeking, receiving or imparting ideas or information, regardless of the medium use. In this case, it may entail the use of newspapers, the internet, radio, televisions, fliers, and so on. In most cases, governments restrict, with varying limitations, how citizens may express themselves. Some of the most common limitations of speech may be related to obscenity, right to privacy, slander, libel, sedition, pornography, fighting words, hate speech, incitement, copyright violation, trade secrets, non-disclosure agreements, right to be forgotten, public nuisance, public security, public order, classified information, oppression and campaign finance reform. There are those that support freedom of expression and believe th at there should be no way the government should limit it. On the other hand, there are those that believe that freedom of expression may not be an exquisite idea of any community and that the government should limit the citizen from expression themselves or rather communicate their thoughts. This paper will be looking at the second scenario, why free speech should be restricted. The world is made up of a very diverse group of people. There are Africans, Asians, Europeans, Americans, Latinos, and so on. There are also several different races. In some unfortunate instances, there are people from particular races that believe they should not integrate with the other races as they are superior to them. Such groups of people have existed. If people were allowed to practice absolute freedom of expression, then it may turn out gruesome. People would be spouting racist, homophobic, nationalist, and very offensive views about others and on their defense, they would say that they are practici ng ‘free speech’. This is not a very pleasant situation. With the freedom of expression, racial abuse still exists, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) legally exist and the Neo-Nazis prove particularly difficult to stop. All these are groups of people that preach contempt and hatred towards the minority group that spurs conflicts that sometimes lead to loss of lives. In reality, freedom of speech just exists to promote liberty among different groups of people. Unfortunately, there are those who do not realize this and most of the time misuse the freedom.

Organisational Behaviour Resit Assignment Essay

Organisational Behaviour Resit Assignment - Essay Example Managers as planners would be charged with the duty of establishing the organisation’s objectives and determining what needs to be achieved and setting the timelines. This calls for sensitivity to the environment of operation and appropriate decision making skills. While this function would be handled by top management in large corporate organisations, owners handle it in smaller firms. Discussion To explain this managerial function, Xerox Corporation provides an appropriate example. The history of this copier and printing equipment firm dates back to the 1930s with the first xerographic image being made in the US. The firm grew over years by merging with other similar firms with the 1960s marking the climax of its growth. Between 1960 and 1965, the corporation’s revenues grew from $37 million to $268 million (Dragolea & Cotirlea 2009). In the 1980s, the firm faced intense competition from its competitors from Japan and the US with its market share dropping from 86% to 17% between 1974 and 1984. This was largely attributed to the lack of strategic direction from the management. In order to return to profitability, the management sought to understand the operations of its rivals so as to adopt some of the best practices. The firm sought to implement competitive benchmarking after the study which was found to be ineffective because most of the copier companies in the market did not use most of those recommended operations. As such, through studying a supplier of outdoor clothing and sporting products, L. L. Bean, the firm implemented functional benchmarking. This saw the company spring back with customer satisfaction for Xerox’s printing copier systems rising by 39% and 38% respectively. Customer complaints were cut by over 60% with sales process recording 40% improvement. This success was a result of effectively planned turn-around strategy. Indeed, Xerox identified its weaknesses which made it uncompetitive in the market shared with its US and Japanese rivals. Its market share had greatly dropped and it therefore sought to recapture its status as a market leader in copier business. With this vision in mind, the next task for the chief executive, David Kearns was to determine how to get to that position as suggested by scholars defining planning (DuBrin 2009; Sims 2002). The chief executive crafted a program referred to as Leadership Through Quality that would see the firm mine information on what makes its rivals more effective and how they would adopt some of the identified best practices. Data on the operations of Xerox’s rivals was collected through mining information from relevant databases, trade journals and magazines, use of questionnaires and engagement of consultants (Dragolea & Cotirlea 2009). This was followed by a well planned strategy to see the firm regain its quality leadership in the market. Analysis According to DuBrin (2009), planning could be said to be either strategic or operational. The au thor differentiates strategic planning as top level management engagement with the input of other members of an organisation from operational planning as one that relates to everyday operations of a unit or the whole organisation. The planning that saw

Eulogy For My Grandfather Speech or Presentation

Eulogy For My Grandfather - Speech or Presentation Example My grandfather was born in the United States and was rightly named John for in him I have seen a gracious (behindthename.com) man not only to his children and grandchildren but to every person he encountered. When he was two years old, his parents brought him back to Poland where I came from and stayed there for the rest of his life touching lives in the small things he could do. As I was growing up, I witnessed him give away his personal possessions like clothes, shoes and even food to the needy saying they need them more than he does. Grandfather John was not wealthy but had a decent job delivering goods and foods from stores to hotels and restaurants which provided for the family's needs and food on the table. With this kind of job, he sometimes comes home with food provided by generous people who somehow knew his need or were just simply glad for his goodness and services. He always shared his blessings with the whole family and did not hide them away from any of us. Instead, he prioritized others before attending to his own need and this is what drew me even closer to him.When he was growing old, his affections to his family and most especially to me, have grown fonder and sweeter so that he reminds me of James Garfield who said, â€Å"If wrinkles must be written on our brows, let them not be written upon the heart. The spirit should never grow old.†. Truly, he has shown this through his life and proven that growing old is not as dim and dismal as Matthew Arnold pictured in his poem "Growing Old".... If to the poet growing old is golden days declined (Arnold), to my grandfather they are turning to diamonds (antithesis). If to the former it is to weep and feel the fullness of the past (Arnold), to the latter it is to brighten up and face what miracles the coming years would bring (antithesis, parallelism). If to one it is to spend long days in weary pain (Arnold), to the other it is to enjoy every moment for life is short (antithesis, parallelism). Grandfather always has been in good spirits, always happy and wanting to share his jokes to anyone who would listen to him, brightening their days and giving a piece of advice when needed. For me, he has always been a great help as a counselor in times when I needed to make decisions that seemed confusing or simply too great for me to consider. And as I look back to those special days I spent with him, what I remember most is the cup of tea he usually prepares for me which is very sweet yet I drank it all up to my grandfather’s c ontentment who said the tea will sweeten my heart (personification) and bring out good things from me. I guess it did and I will never forget how the tea tasted but more so, I will never forget the man whose simple ways are even sweeter, encouraging me to emulate him and be good to everyone I meet, serving them the cup of tea that I have been drinking to the fill of my heart (metaphor). When my grandfather turned fifty, his leg was amputated because of gangrene and two years later, his other leg was also removed. I expected him to change in his attitude but his condition seemed to have never mattered to him because he has always been the cheerful and joyful grandfather I have always known. He never became

Effects of Technology on Social Groups Essay Example for Free

Effects of Technology on Social Groups Essay The emergence of technology has brought about different social effects. Some have lost while others have gained from the technology. A great part of technology involves working with machines and this has resulted into less human labor and most of the people have been rendered jobless by the machines. This is a negative effect on the social group that was working together since some have to be laid off to give way for the machines. Some people have become wealthier while others have become poor and this has created a gap between the two groups. This has changed the expectations of many people in the social environment (Langdon, 1986). For those who have studied how to work with the machines they are enjoying and getting closer to their social groups. People can easy work from home and this has made working easier. Social groups can work together on the internet and they can even share a network. Most of the technology lies in the computer and through the computer; people can easily talk with all their friends in the social websites. People also find spouses and lost friends on the internet and this is a merit of technology since people keep in touch even when they are far from each other (English-Lueck 1998). In social groups like families, technology has led to breakups of close family ties sine the family members can communicate by sending an email and chatting. They feel that they are close to their relatives even when they are in distant places hence they do not bother to travel home. This has made most of the parents to lose control over their children. This is a way in which technology has created freedom for the young generation (Ruth. 1989). References 1. Ruth Schwartz Cohen, (1989), More work for mother; The Ironies of Household Technology from the open hearth to the Microwave, London, Free Association Books 2. Langdon Winner, (1986), The Whale and the Reactor; A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology, Chicago, University of Chicago press 3. J. A. English-Lueck, (1998), Technology and Social Change; The effects of family and community retrieved October 31, 2008 from website; http://www. sjsu. edu/depts/anthropology/svcp/SVCPcosa. html

Waste Heat Boiler Research Engineering Essay

Waste Heat Boiler Research Engineering Essay Incorporates a boiler economiser, incorporates the waste heat from the boilers hot stack and transfers this waste heat to the boilers feed water. The boiler feed water will then be hotter and therefore requires less heat energy to boil it after A boiler economizer is a device that reduces the overall fuel requirements a boiler requires which results in reduced fuel costs as well as fewer emissions since the boiler now operates at a much higher efficiency.   Boiler economizers recover the waste heat from the boilers hot stack gas from transfers this waste heat to the boilers feed-water. Because the boiler feed-water is now at a higher temperature that it would have been without a boiler economizer, the boiler does not need to provide as much additional heating to produce the  steam requirements of a facility or process, thereby using less fuel and reducing the fuel expenses. Boiler economizers also help improve a boilers efficiency by extracting heat from the flue gases discharged from the final super-heater section of a radiant/reheat unit or the evaporative bank of a non-reheat boiler. Heat is transferred, again, back to the boiler feed-water, which enters at a much lower temperature than saturated steam.   Boiler Economizers are a series of horizontal tubular elements and can be characterized as bare tube and extended surface types. The bare tube includes varying sizes which can be arranged to form hairpin or multi-loop elements. Tubing forming the heating surface is generally made from low-carbon steel. Because steel is subject to corrosion in the presence of even low concentrations of oxygen, water must be practically 100 percent oxygen free. In central stations and other large plants it is common to use deaerators for oxygen removal.   * Waste Heat Recovery Many industrial processes generate large amounts of waste energy that simply pass out of plant stacks and into the atmosphere or are otherwise lost. Most industrial waste heat streams are liquid, gaseous, or a combination of the two and have temperatures from slightly above ambient to over 2000 degrees F. Stack exhaust losses are inherent in all fuel-fired processes and increase with the exhaust temperature and the amount of excess air the exhaust contains. At stack gas temperatures greater than 1000 degrees F, the heat going up the stack is likely to be the single biggest loss in the process. Above 1800 degrees F, stack losses will consume at least half of the total fuel input to the process. Yet, the energy that is recovered from waste heat streams could displace part or all of the energy input needs for a unit operation within a plant. Therefore, waste heat recovery offers a great opportunity to productively use this energy, reducing overall plant energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.   Waste heat recovery methods used with industrial process heating operations intercept the waste gases before they leave the process, extract some of the heat they contain, and recycle that heat back to the process.   Common methods of recovering heat include direct heat recovery to the process, recuperators/regenerators, and waste heat boilers. Unfortunately, the economic benefits of waste heat recovery do not justify the cost of these systems in every application. For example, heat recovery from lower temperature waste streams (e.g., hot water or low-temperature flue gas) is thermodynamically limited. Equipment fouling, occurring during the handling of dirty waste streams, is another barrier to more widespread use of heat recovery systems. Innovative, affordable waste heat recovery methods that are ultra-efficient, are applicable to low-temperature streams, or are suitable for use with corrosive or dirty wastes could expand the number of viable applications of waste heat recovery, as well as improve the performance of existing applications.   Various Methods for Recovery of Waste Heat Low-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery Methods A large amount of energy in the form of medium- to low-temperature gases or low-temperature liquids (less than about 250 degrees F) is released from process heating equipment, and much of this energy is wasted.   Conversion of Low Temperature Exhaust Waste Heat making efficient use of the low temperature waste heat generated by prime movers such as micro-turbines, IC engines, fuel cells and other electricity producing technologies. The energy content of the waste heat must be high enough to be able to operate equipment found in cogeneration and trigeneration power and energy systems such as absorption chillers, refrigeration applications, heat amplifiers, dehumidifiers, heat pumps for hot water, turbine inlet air cooling and other similar devices.   Conversion of Low Temperature Waste Heat into Power -The steam-Rankine cycle is the principle method used for producing electric power from high temperature fluid streams. For the conversion of low temperature heat into power, the steam-Rankine cycle may be a possibility, along with other known power cycles, such as the organic-Rankine cycle.   Small to Medium Air-Cooled Commercial Chillers All existing commercial chillers, whether using waste heat, steam or natural gas, are water-cooled (i.e., they must be connected to cooling towers which evaporate water into the atmosphere to aid in cooling). This requirement generally limits the market to large commercial-sized units (150 tons or larger), because of the maintenance requirements for the cooling towers. Additionally, such units consume water for cooling, limiting their application in arid regions of the U.S. No suitable small-to-medium size (15 tons to 200 tons) air-cooled absorption chillers are commercially available for these U.S. climates. A small number of prototype air-cooled absorption chillers have been developed in Japan, but they use hardware technology that is not suited to the hotter temperatures experienced in most locations in the United States. Although developed to work with natural gas firing, these prototype air-cooled absorption chillers would also be suited to use waste heat as the fuel.   Recovery of Waste Heat in Cogeneration and Trigeneration Power Plants In most cogeneration and trigeneration power and energy systems, the exhaust gas from the electric generation equipment is ducted to a heat exchanger to recover the thermal energy in the gas. These heat exchangers are air-to-water heat exchangers, where the exhaust gas flows over some form of tube and fin heat exchange surface and the heat from the exhaust gas is transferred to make hot water or steam. The hot water or steam is then used to provide hot water or steam heating and/or to operate thermally activated equipment, such as an absorption chiller for cooling or a desiccant dehumidifer for dehumidification. Many of the waste heat recovery technologies used in building co/trigeneration systems require hot water, some at moderate pressures of 15 to 150 psig. In the cases where additional steam or pressurized hot water is needed, it may be necessary to provide supplemental heat to the exhaust gas with a duct burner. In some applications air-to-air heat exchangers can be used. In other instances, if the emissions from the generation equipment are low enough, such as is with many of the microturbine technologies, the hot exhaust gases can be mixed with make-up air and vented directly into the heating system for building heating. In the majority of installations, a flapper damper or diverter is employed to vary flow across the heat transfer surfaces of the heat exchanger to maintain a specific design temperature of the hot water or steam generation rate.   Typical Waste Heat Recovery Installation http://www.bchp.org/images/2-3-3HeatRecovery.gifIn some co/trigeneration designs, the exhaust gases can be used to activate a thermal wheel or a desiccant dehumidifier.   Thermal wheels use the exhaust gas to heat a wheel with a medium that absorbs the heat and then transfers the heat when the wheel is rotated into the incoming airflow. A professional engineer should be involved in designing and sizing of the waste heat recovery section. For a proper and economical operation, the design of the heat recovery section involves consideration of many related factors, such as the thermal capacity of the exhaust gases, the exhaust flow rate, the sizing and type of heat exchanger, and the desired parameters over a various range of operating conditions of the co/trigeneration system all of which need to be considered for proper and economical operation.

What are the Four Policy Issues in the Pay Model?

What are the Four Policy Issues in the Pay Model? In the Pay Model, there are four polices that have been used for determining for paying the employee the organization such as internal alignment, external competitiveness, employee contributions and of the pay system but two most important pay model polices are internal alignment and external competitiveness. This is because in internal alignment look how job and skills related to importance to achieve organization objectives. In another way, we look also other method pay model, which is external competitiveness, which indicates of pay comparisons to with the competitor. Not only basic salary or wages are concerned but also what method of payment should be using the organization use for paying their employee of such as base, incentives, stock, benefits are used by these competitors use to compared to the pay mix we use to compete with other organization to stay remain competitive than competitor pay scheme. Compensation also related directly influence key outcomes like job satisfaction, attraction, retention, performance, flexibility, cooperation, skill acquisition and so forth. However, its influence may also be indirect by facilitating or constraining the effectiveness of other human resource activities (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1991). Compensation is only one part of the policies and programs organizations use to manage employee relations. Decisions regarding employment security, development and training, career opportunities, employee assistance programs are important to decide before proceed what method and how it can be done in compensating employee (Milkovich and Broderick, 1989). In this article not the only definition of external competitive and internal alignment are discussed but also why these elements are important to the organization to stay competitive and retain high qualified employee with skills and knowledge need by organization to focus on to achieve goals and objective of the organization that operates around the world that has been studied by many researchers before. We also see why external competitive element plays so many roles in determining the success of the organization rather than internal alignment in the organization. Definition of internal alignment and external competitiveness Internal alignment or internal equity is refers to comparisons among jobs or skill levels inside a single organisations (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). Jobs and peoples skills are compared in terms of their relative contributions to the organisations business objectives. In Internal alignment also focus on why pay relationships that motivating employees to choose increased training and greater responsibility in dealing with customers, internal pay relationships indirectly affect the capabilities of the workforce and hence the efficiency of the entire organization. This also agree by report Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) Report, 2008) that defines internal alignment is the set of commitments, strategies, policies, procedures, systems and behaviours that support integrated customer decision making based on suppliers commercial and ethical commitment and performance. This is translated into practice by the basic techniques of reward management, job analysis, job evaluation, and performance appraisal. The focus is on comparing jobs and individuals in terms of their relative contributions to the organizations objectives (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Pay relationships within the organization affect all three compensation objectives in internal alignment. This method also affect employee decisions which to stay with the organization or leave the organization. Then the organization must motivating employees to attend training and seek greater responsibility in dealing with customers, internal pay relationships indirectly affect the capabilities of the workforce and hence the efficiency of the entire organization. Fairness is affected through employees comparisons of their pay to the pay of others in the organization. If the internal alignment is refers in single organization but either way external competitiveness which refers to pay comparisons with competitors. This basically involves when implementing in organization which are, to be a pay leader, to match the market rate, or to lag behind what competitive organizations are paying (Bratton and Gold, 1999). Basically when practicing external competitiveness two ways first by setting pay level that is above, below or equal to that of competitor secondly, determining of pay mix relative to those of competitors. In both of pay level and pay mix focuses in two objectives which are control cost and attract and retain employee (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). External competitiveness refers to comparisons of the organizations pay relative to the pay of competitive organizations (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Objective of determining external competitiveness decisions in terms of both how much and what forms are (Milkovich and Newman, 2008); To ensure that the pay is sufficient to attract and retain employees if employees do not perceive their pay as competitive in comparison to what other organizations are offering for similar work, they may be more likely to leave To control labour costs so that the organizations prices of products or services can remain competitive in a global economy. Overall the internal alignment and external competitiveness are essential to compensation includes any direct or indirect payments to employees, such as wages, bonuses, stock, and benefits. So external competitiveness directly affects both efficiency and fairness and it must do so in an ethical way that complies with relevant legislation and internal alignment seek that where organizations internal drivers, include vision and mission as well as general goals, are aligned with their words and actions. Factors in internal alignment and external competitiveness In internal alignment factors are divided into three which are External Factors, Organizational Factors and Internal and External Factors combine (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). In external factors divided into several categories which are economic pressures, government policies, laws, and regulations, external stakeholders, cultures and customs. Then in organizational factors also divided into strategy technology, human capital, HR (Human Resource) policy, employee acceptance and cost implications. All these factors can be explained in diagram 1 below; Source: Milkovich and Newman (2008) In external factors, there is economic pressure which has been studied before by Adam Smith and Karl Marx, which also determine marginal productivity that what need of an input (factor of production) the extra is output that can be produced by one using more units of the input and then supply and demand needed for paid wages and purchasing products. In government policies, laws and regulations are which every organization must follow to stay operational in certain country they business on. Finally on culture and customs according G. Hoefstede (1980) is the mental programming for processing information that the people share in common. This also translate into organization culture that help organizational values to develop organizational norms, guidelines, or expectations that prescribe appropriate kinds of behaviour by employees in particular situations and control the behaviour of organizational members towards one another. Organization factors also play crucial part of the determining compensation in internal alignment. First strategy of any compensation method must alignment with organization goals and mission to make sure that any compensation that given to workers is paid back by workers fulfills goals and mission of organization they work for. Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem. Then Human capital refers to the stock of competences, knowledge and personality attributes embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value1. After that HR (Human Resource) policy are the mechanisms that handling risk by staying up to date with current trends in employment standards and legislation. The policies must be stated in proper manner to ensure that companies vision the human resource helping the company to achieve it or work towards it are at all levels benefited and at the same time not deviat ed from their main objective. Then only that worker can have of career progress to ensure that employee can give the best productivity towards organization. Finally when all organization factors has been determined the organization must calculate the cost to sure that is beyond the budget to stay in operation of the company. In internal structure is refers array of pay rates for different work or skills within a single organization. The number of levels, the differentials in pay between the levels, and the criteria used to determine those differences describe the structure. In determining external competitiveness this question should be ask what level of pay base, benefits, incentive, and perquisites should be offered relative to competitors? What mix of these forms should be offered either by fix salary, flexible benefits, stock options, cash bonuses, and stock appreciation rights, etc.? What should the proportion of guaranteed compensation (base or benefits) relative to riskier returns (incentives) be? It is also determined by labour market that determine supply and demand that usually employers or organization always seek to maximize profits, then people are homogeneous and therefore interchangeable, after that pay rates reflect all costs associated with employment and finally markets faced by employers are competitive to other organizations. Product market and labor market competition may provide on the part of employers in choosing a pay level (Gerhart Milkovich, 1990). Product market comparisons are critical, more resources need to be devoted to measuring compensation (or better, unit labor costs) paid by such organizations. In contrast, if labor market comparisons are important, it is necessary to devote resources to find out to which organizations applicants and employees are being lost (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1991). In organization factors that will create competitiveness that influenced by pay level and pay mix either in industry, strategy, size and individual manager. Pay mix and pay level decisions focus on first controlling costs and attracting and secondly retaining employees (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). Equation of pay level is shown below; Pay level =((base + bonuses + benefits + value of stocks))/(number of employees) All factors in external competitiveness are showed in table 1 below; Labour Markets Nature of Supply Level of Product Demand Individual Manager Similarities in internal alignment and external competitiveness In determining internal alignment or external competitiveness or both used for designing the compensation package for an employee in an organization, there are similarities between them, which are efficiency, fairness and compliance. First, efficiency that can help imply the future return can encourage employees to remain within the organization, increasing experience and training, cooperate with workers and seek greater responsibility for the sake of organization they work for. This will diminish shirking among workers and permit hiring best qualified employees (Milkovich and Newman, 2008). Second, fairness also shows that organization must be fair to ensure that good employee dont retire and sustain organization productivity and trust among employees. Even though not everyone is paid equal but at least must be fair according to job, skills and knowledge a certain employee had so what happen when that is perceived as too large? Fortune (1989), for example asserts that this differential is seen by employees as unfair, resulting in a trust gap which suggests that such differentials are necessary to provide incentives for expending effort and taking on added responsibilities and risks to the organization which resulted in higher turnover and dissatisfaction among an employee who work for the organization. Finally, in compliance which compensation either in internal alignment or external alignment must be complied either in terms of policy, rules, acts and regulations that have been set up by government? Other than that this to ensure t all necessary governance requirements can be met without the unnecessary organization manipulation when operates certain countries. Why is external competitiveness so important rather than internal alignment? External competitiveness is established by reference to job advertisements in the press, or by more systematic labour market surveys. This information is then used to construct a pay structure within the organization rather than internal alignment which more in structure of pay in based only knowledge, skills and ability that certain individual had to offer within a single organization. So that why in determining pay structure and compensation method must have external competitiveness to focus and to maintain competitive to another organization. There are several reasons why external competitiveness important rather than internal alignment like following below; Reduce negative perception of employee towards organization. Pay onlywhat be supposed to the organization should be paid towards workers. Get better view what the other organization does to compensate the workers to make workers motivate and minimized turnover among them. Internal alignment is very completed process and hard to implement in organization. External competitiveness is more strategic rather than internal alignment. Reduce negative perception of employee towards organization. While employees negative feelings concerning internal pay equity might be removed by an effective job evaluation scheme, employees will still compare their pay with those in other organizations and industries (Bratton and Gold, 2001). It so is better having combined internal and external to the same to fulfil employee needs and reduce turnover at the same time. These as well agreed by (Milkovich and Broderick, 1989) which choices about the competitive position besides communicating to both prospective and incumbent employees. Savvy employees, for example, can discern the organizations ability and willingness to recognize their needs based on the flexibility and tax protection offered in benefit plans or the opportunity to share in the organization success through stock- and performance-based plans. Even that not all internal alignment structure can be a success one like in General Electric Co.s in 1980s plastics division adopted an exempt pay structure with only four levels: executive, director, leadership, and technical and professional. Managers believe that it provides greater flexibility to move employees without requiring pay changes. It also communicates to employees a relatively egalitarian philosophy about the value (base pay) of different skill groups. However, to be successful, the increased flexibility must be managed effectively. Inconsistencies within levels can result in anarchy and quickly will lead to employee dissatisfaction and distrust (Milkovich and Broderick, 1989). According to Spence (1973) which has studied case of sales jobs, if there is not a large incentive component in which individual effort is important, and one or more of the following three consequences is likely to happen: The right people will not be attracted, They are attracted, but leave when they discover that their efforts are under rewarded, The right people are attracted and retained, but because they are not rewarded for high performance, their performance declines. Rynes (1987) also supported of Spence (1973) idea that compensation systems are capable of attracting (or repelling) the right kinds of people because they communicate so much about an organizations philosophy, values, and practices. Milkovich Bloom (1998) also finds that compensation systems must support organizational goals, foster corporate culture, and help motivate employees to contribute their efforts to further organizational success. Pay onlywhat be supposed to the organization should be paid towards workers. The fact that value to the employee may differ from cost to an employer suggests that, in some cases, fewer costly total compensation packages may actually provide total inducements that are of greater value to employees than those associated with more expensive packages if internal alignment is used for determining paid and compensation for an employee who work for the organization. In many costly benefit options might be the most expensive its value to employees might fall short of the value attached to a compensation package of benefits that is better tailored to employee needs or values. In another study, in which 2000 manufacturing firms were classified into growth, mature, or declining stages, Anderson and Zeithaml (1984) reported that the firms competitiveness (pay level relative to competitors) was greater in each progressive stage. They also reported that the higher relative pay in mature firms adversely affected their return on investment. However, growth firms with higher pay levels relative to competitors reported increased market share of these companies. Therefore, measurement of own and competitors pay levels would ideally include the value to employees of different elements of total compensation. Like study of Gerhart and Milkovich (1991) in Bank of America has eliminated retiree health care coverage for all new hires suggests that organizations believe that different groups of employees (for this, new hires) may differ in the value attached to particular aspects of compensation. Get better view what the other organization does to compensate the workers to make workers motivate and minimized turnover among them. In world of the organization which has paid the works to work not only related in external market without seeing what actually other organization are doing to survive and maintain efficiency of current in the organization. Many organization today organizations do not compete solely in the product market but more refer to market for labour. The classical economics literature suggests that product market and labour market competition may provide relatively little discretion on the part of employers in choosing a pay level (Gerhart Milkovich, 1990). Ford, for example, competes for engineers, lawyers, and human resource managers not only with other automotive companies, but also with companies in the computer, aerospace, electronics, and other industries. Fay (1989) also recognizes that organizations are attempted to gather information about pay practices of competitors through the use of pay surveys. As Rynes and Milkovich (1986) found out, administrative decisions are required about a range of issues including when compensate workers: Which employers are included? Which jobs are included? Which jobs are considered similar enough to use in benchmarking? If multiple surveys are used (fairly typical), how are the multiple rates of pay weighted and combined? Practice in these areas seems to vary across (and probably within) employers. If not following what Rynes and Milkovich (1986) has been done which make the organization make pay level that is too low relative to these competitors could lead to difficulties in attracting and retaining sufficient numbers of quality employees. As such, labour market competition can be seen as placing a lower bound or floor on pay level (Milkovich Newman, 1990). As the importance of a particular comparison increases, so too should the resources devoted to information and measurement. For example, if product market comparisons are critical, more resources need to be devoted to measuring compensation (or better, unit labor costs) paid by such organizations. In contrast, if labor market comparisons are important, it is necessary to devote resources to find out to which organizations applicants and employees are being lost (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1991). Internal alignment is very completed process and hard to implement in organization. Internal alignment is very completed process and hard to implement in the organization even thought validity of conclusions reached through the survey process may depend critically on how the competition is defined, for example, what organizations are chosen for inclusion, little evidence exists on how such choices are made or their implications. Rather, most attention has been focused on potential problems in the job evaluation process, especially in the context of pay equity or comparable worth discussions. Nevertheless, as Schwab (1980) has pointed out, job evaluation is usually validated against some measure of the market rate, meaning that the measure of the pay system is critical. In this manner, many organizations today focus on external competitiveness which is more reliable than internal alignment for determining the compensation scheme for an employee. This has agreed by Lawler (1986) has argued that organizations need to focus greater attention on external competitiveness He believes that an internal focus encourages employees to compare themselves with others within the organization, rather than focusing on the really competition-other organizations. He also suggests that an internal focus result in employees focusing on promotions rather than on performing well on their current job. Moreover, there is some belief that conflicts between external and internal equity may be resolved by increasing the pay of all jobs, not just those were competing in the labour market requires higher pay. Whether true or not, such as organizations would seem to be at a serious labour cost disadvantage in the product market. External competitiveness is more strategic rather than internal alignment. The strategic portfolio model suggests that the notion of compensation system fit may be a messy construct to be done. Generally, strategy refers to the overarching, long-term directions of an organization that are critical to its survival and success. Strategies take advantage of the opportunities and manage the threats in the external environment by marshalling internal resources in some coherent, consistent direction (Dyer, 1985). In from a strategic perspective, organizations and markets are more appropriate units of analysis for understanding changes in international compensation and rewards. The strategic thinking from differences between countries to differences within countries so using internal alignment as medium are unrealistic. Compensation and reward systems are designed to help create and motivate a workforce with the values and capabilities necessary to achieve an organizations unique goals and objectives rather than being designed to meet the national values exhibited by a work force (Bloom, Matt and Milkovich, 1998). Morishimas (1995) study of Japanese companies HR strategies reports differences in compensation approaches associated with organization profitability, size, degree of unionization, capital-labour ratio, and exposure to global competitive forces. For example, Japanese companies operating in protected domestic markets are more likely to use the more traditional nenko system2 than those competing in global and less protected market which reported using more performance and ability-based schemes (Morishima, 1992, 1995; Sano, 1993). Other study related to strategic conditions by Lee, Scarpello, and Rockman (1995) found that factors such as labour market conditions, customer and supplier relations, economic conditions and technology accounted for differences in compensation strategies among Korean chaebols. Pearce, Branyiczki, Bakacsis (1994) study of compensation systems in Hungarian and US companies suggests that political, economic, and institutional forces, rather than national cultures, explain differences in compensation practices. Effective international compensation systems might be those that match internal contingencies for example fit the organizations goals and culture first and then respond to external forces within the constraints of strategic alignment (Bloom, Matt and Milkovich, 1998). Yeung and Wong (1990) assert that organizational goals, political forces, labor market conditions, and demographic factors explain differences in pay and other HRM systems in Japan and the Peoples Republic of China. Recent surveys in Central European countries such as Slovenia and Slovakia also report differences in the use of variable performance based pay schemes, allowances and services, and even in the ratios of top managing directors salaries to the average workforce (Bajzikova, 1996; Zupan, 1995). Although the recent evidence does not suggest national boundaries (national pay systems) can be ignored or overlooked, it does suggest that sufficient discretion for individual organizations exists within these national systems to allow organizations to adopt compensation and reward systems to align them with the organizations business strategies. We believe that The importance of a strategic perspective on compensation rests on three fundamental tenets. The first is that compensation policies and practices differ widely across organizations and across employee groups within organizations. To some students of organizations this may be self evident. But to others, such as economists using human capital models to examine compensation differentials, differences in organizations compensation policies and practices are treated as random noise with little relevance. Anecdotal evidence and sporadic surveys of specific policies or practices report that differences do exist (The Conference Board, 1984; American Productivity Center, 1987). For example, some organizations claim to position their base pay to meet the market, while others follow it; some design incentive schemes to emphasize long-term performance, others short term. Some firms employ individual based incentives while others emphasize group or team based gain-sharing schemes. Some decentra lize the administration of compensation, others do not. Some disclose very specific information about pay to employees, such as ranges and merit guide charts, while others communicate only the broad policies, such as fairness and competitiveness. So a strategy may be intended and formally articulated in some plan or document, or it may emerge through the patterns of decisions shown by the organizations behaviors. Thus, strategies are both plans for the future and patterns from the past to make survival of the organization itself (Mintzberg, 1987). External competitiveness strategies are often expressed as leading, lagging, or matching the market (Milkovich Newman, 2007). In practice, many organizations pursue more than one external competitiveness strategy (Mark, 2008). These organizations may vary their external competitiveness strategies for different groups of jobs. For instance, some organizations may lead for positions deemed critical, whereas for less significant positions th ey may match or lag the market (Milkovich Newman, 2007). What can conclude about this topic? External competitiveness is but one part of an organizations overall compensation strategy. In addition to external competitiveness considerations, issues of internal salary alignment, the design of pay for performance plans, and the administration of the overall pay system are also important. Of these areas, internal salary alignment seems a particularly pertinent area of consideration for those interested in further expanding their knowledge of compensation topics beyond external competitiveness. Internal alignment considers pay relationships between employees inside an organization versus the external relationships considered by external competitiveness. Whereas external competitiveness considers salary comparisons across organizations for employees performing similar work, internal alignment considers salary comparisons inside organizations for employees doing different types of work. Moreover, just as external competitiveness has significant implications for individual and organizational performance, internal alignment has equally important implications. Recommendations The policy on external competitiveness is important if the organization is going to attract, retain, and motivate its employees while achieving the other objectives of controlling labour costs and complying with pay legislation around must be consider due of lack of study about this. To the individual employee, compensation decisions also have important consequences. Salaries and wages represent the main sources of income for most people, and may also be taken as key indicators of a persons social standing or success in life. Benefits, such as health care and pensions, are also important determinants of well being and financial security among employees and their dependents. Not surprisingly then, employees have sought to influence such decisions in a variety of ways, including through unions, supporting government regulation of compensation decisions, and through the courts. Then we must also study more element of strategic involved in determine whatever to attract and retain people in jobs having more unfavourable non-compensation attributes, a compensating differential (for example, higher pay or same pay) is required. Therefore, it is important to understand how individuals are affected by (and react to) different compensation decisions (Gerhart and Milkovich, 1991). Such as what determines variations in patterns of compensation decisions their effects. On the other hand, issues too generally drawn are too time consuming, too ambiguous, too expensive, and often poorly specified. Perhaps a place to begin is to identify compensation decisions that have strategic properties must be included in next study to elaborate more why people attracted to better compensation at organization their work for? Dyer and Theriaults (1976) also mention that in early indication of the potential importance of procedural justice, in addition to distributive justice, in compensation but many researchers has less mention about this manner. Although this particular increment was not large, procedural justice perceptions also explained variance in organizational commitment and trust in supervisor, suggesting that its influence on broader organization attitudes may be greater. Beyond descriptive research, more work is needed to understand both what determines variations in patterns of compensation decisions their effects. A major challenge is to formulate manageable research issues. Issues too narrowly defined suffer from ignoring the multi- dimensionality of compensation and the context in which compensation decisions occur. On the other hand, issues too broadly drawn are too time consuming, too ambiguous, too expensive, and often poorly specified. Perhaps a place to begin is to identify compensation decisions that have strategic properties. For example, do firms within the same industry establish different competitive positions in labour markets? Conventional wisdom is that they do. How do they accomplish thisby different average levels of base pay, by varying the risk-return tradeoffs or the ratio of incentives to total compensation? Do characteristics of organizations vary with their competitive position? These might include some of the determinants di scussed in this paper such as organization strategies, organization characteristics, and external factors. Finally does a firms competitive position have any discernable effect on the size and quality of the applicant pool, on its ability to hire those people it se

Diabetes in the UK Essay -- Research Essays Medical Health Diabetics

Diabetes in the UK Synopsis: Diabetes has recently become a focal point of health care systems around the world due to its high prevalence and the severity of secondary complications caused by the disease. Over the course of my project on diabetes, I have had the opportunity to speak with a group of diabetics to understand from a patient’s perspective how diabetes is managed in a rural community. While I found that while some patients ignored treatment and refused to make any dietary changes, the majority of the patients I interviewed were well-informed and actively managing diabetes in their everyday life. Background on Diabetes: Throughout the whole of the United Kingdom, between 2 and 3 of every 100 people have a known form of diabetes (DTC, 2004). What is diabetes? Explained simply, it is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. In the normal state of glucose function, there is a stable release and uptake of glucose, regulated by two hormones produced in the pancreas, glucagon and insulin. There are two distinct mechanisms which give rise to the abnormal blood glucose levels seen in patients with type I and type II diabetes. In type I diabetes, a deficiency in insulin production at the pancreas results in elevated blood glucose levels due to the lack of hormonal regulation. In type II diabetes, although the pancreas produces regular levels of insulin, the body resists the effect of insulin, inhibiting the ability of insulin to break down glucose in the blood. Because of the inherent differences in the biochemical mechanisms of these two diseases, the characteristics associated with type I and type II diabetes are very different. The typical onset of type I diabetes is usually ... ...gnosed with diabetes, with an estimated further 1 million people remaining undiagnosed, and by 2010 this number is predicted to more than double to 3 million (Department of Health, 2001). Clearly, diabetes is a disease that will inevitably pose huge economic burdens for nationalized health service in the future. I hope that with the increase in diabetes and complications associated with the disease will not prevent the NHS from continuing to provide the kind of comprehensive support that I hope someday my own country will emulate. Works Cited: DTC Primary Care Training Center. 2004. Diabetes Management in Primary Care (a handbook), West Yorkshire Department of Health. 2001. National service framework for diabetes: standards. London: HMSO Frooqui, A. and Vora, J. 2004. The changing role of primary care in the management of diabetes. Prescriber, 19: 11-21

A Mother Critical Analysis Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Mother’ ‘A Mother’ is one of the short stories that is part of James Joyce’s literary masterpiece Dubliners. The themes that run through this short story, and indeed the book itself, are: Simony, Gnomon and Paralysis. ‘A Mother’ is written in third person omniscient narration and focuses mainly on the point of view of Mrs Kearney. Who is, as I will try to justify further on, a serial simoniac and a victim of social convention. The first example of Mrs Kearney’s simony is her marriage to Mr Kearney, a bootmaker, who is far older than her. She married, not for love, but in order to keep her status in society respectable: â€Å"her friends began to loosen their tongues about her she silenced them by marrying† (pg 153) Another example of Mrs Kearney’s simony is when she manipulates Mr Holohan into signing into a contract with her daughter. She plies him with alcohol and lends a friendly hand in drawing up the terms of the contract. I believe that when Mrs Kearney is being said to have â€Å"slipped the doubtful items in between the old favourites† (pg 155) as she and Mr Holohan are placing the performers in order for the concert, that Joyce is also hinting that this is what Mrs Kearney had done with the contract. She has confused Holohan with drink so that she can secure a high price for her daughter’s part in the concert. This story is full of the theme of the gnomon also. In the beginning we learn that Mr and Mrs Kearney have two daughters, yet we never learn the younger daughter’...

Mahathir’s Foreign Policy

The Foreign Policy of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad during his premiership During eighties of last century, Malaysia was not widely known by the world. Only a few of politicians might hear about Malaysia not as an economic power, but as an agricultural country which is the main supplier of crude palm oil. This situation changed when Tun Dr. Mahathir became the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia who has changed how the world judges and treats Malaysia. Besides of Tun Dr. Mahathir’s enormous contribution on economic sector, in foreign affairs also Tun Dr. Mahathir was also a giant of the times during his premiership.During his 22 years of premiership, he successfully transform Malaysia become one of the Tiger Cub Economies after Four Asian Tigers. As one of the important spokesman in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), he aggressively promotes overall construction of ASEAN countries. This is a significant step to ensure the benefits of small countries are being protected b y forming a unified action guideline when having disputes with great power. In order to against with European Union and Organization of American States, there is a need for Asia countries to form regional alliances to protect loose countries’ benefits.This is what exactly the purpose of founding ASEAN. In spite of Tun Dr. Mahathir was not welcomed by western country during his premiership, yet his â€Å"Look East Policy† has inspired many Asia countries to learn from Japan and South Korea, not only blindly followed what western countries have done. This is highly related with Asian values, where it has catalyzed the progress of Look East Policy. In fact, Tun Dr. Mahathir did not neglect the influences of western country especially United States of America. He believe that USA is the main reason to ensure peaceful of Southeast Asia region, the deployment of the U.S. fleet in the Pacific is necessary yet at the same time he insist that no massive troops should be deploym ent at ASEAN. This is actually how Tun Dr. Mahathir weighs the influences of USA to benefit Malaysia and other ASEAN countries. Early in this century, as a sensible leader in Islamic world Tun Dr. Mahathir encourages the unity of Islamic world towards greater prosperity. He has been anti-state terrorism and anti-war all along his premiership and after Incident 911, he has suggested USA to set up a counterterrorism center in Malaysia.In issues of Israel and Jews, Tun Dr. Mahathir was a staunch supporter of Palestinian cause and he also named Israel as â€Å"the enemy allied with most powerful nations†. He condemns Israel who killed thousands of Muslims while some Jews are supporters to those killers. As a summary, the overall foreign policy under Tun Dr. Mahathir premiership is basically regional approach where most of his foreign policy is targeting prosperity of entire Southeast Asia. In spite many condemns from many people, yet Tun Dr. Mahathir still an excellence diplomat in heart of Malaysians.

The Extraordinary Making of You

The three-part documentary series Countdown to Life: The Extraordinary Making of You, by Jonathan Renouf, Naomi Austin and Martin Johnson is depicted around the journey to discover the process of the formation of us, the human beings. Hosted by Michael Mosley; the documentary contains animations of fetal development and individual's sharing their stories about their own birth defects while relating to the fetal developmental process that happens prior to birth. Though the documentary does not explain the human development process in details, I decided that this was a good start for laymen who wants to understand the process of how us human beings are made from the point of conception to the point of birth at forty weeks. As a human being living in the social community, we need a better understanding on how an individual operates either biologically, behaviourally or emotionally. The documentary emphasized on critical stages that happened before we were born and the consequences of having a defect when the developmental process was disrupted. In which it delivers, it also brought upon the uniqueness and differences of human beings in the concept of biology, focusing especially in genetics. In the following paragraphs, while basing on the documentary I will explain more in details on the critical stages of fetal development process with in-depth explanations of the defects that could occur within these stages.The first episode of the documentary series ventures around the processes that happens to the embryo during the first eight weeks in the uterus. It shows how the human development began with the process called fertilisation where the male gamete, sperm together with the female gamete, the oocyte, fused and unite to give rise to a zygote (Sadler ; Langman, 2012). Two sets of genetic instructions, half from each parent combined to create unique genetic code for one human being. Occasionally, instead of forming only one zygote, the cell divides to become identical twins, triplets, and in rare cases, even quadruplet cases. Holly, Jessica, Ellie and Georgie, are one of the rare identical quadruplets in which it was mentioned that the odds of having four genetically identical individuals are one in 64 million. A theory was presented for how separate embryos can be formed and it was due to the breakdown of vital communication between the cells causing clumps of cells to get separated and went on to create separate individuals. This shows that just from a simple yet complicated breakdown process that occurs between the cells, it could affect the number of individuals to be formed, causing the creation of identical twins. This however, does not applies to what we called fraternal twins. In biology, identical twins are termed as monozygotic twins while fraternal twins are termed dizygotic twins. According to Lakna (2017), on her article Difference between Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins, she explained that dizygotic twins are developed from totally two different eggs, which are fertilized by sperms separately. When a woman is pregnant with fraternal twins, it is like having two pregnancies at one simultaneous time. Unlike identical twins that are genetically similar, fraternal twins are entirely different individuals that does not share the same genetic properties. It is mesmerising to find that human could be undergoing the same process yet so different, due to simple twists just within five days of conception. I was bewildered by the next fact that I found from the documentary. It was claimed that around 200 hours after conception, changes that occurred in the embryo can determine the lifespan of an individual. Based on seventy-year research done in Keneba,Gambia that study on this matter, children conceived during dry months are at seven times higher risk of mortality compared to that of children conceived during wet months. In dry season, mothers eat more calorie-rich grains compared to mothers who conceive in the wet season, who eat more leafy greens. The moleculer chemical from the vegetables combines with the strand of DNA and changes how some our genes work permanently, affecting our lifespan. In many socio-cultural norms in the world, the expression â€Å"eating for two† is commonly heard to refer to pregnant women in regards to their dietary habits. Ellis, Giannetti, and Fagan (2011) conducted an analysis of relationship of mother's nutritional intake with the effect on her developing fetus in life. In the analysis, the authors stated that, â€Å"the most important thing a mother can do during pregnancy is take care of her own body so that the baby can flourish later in life†. Hence, it is clear that mother plays important role in determining the health of the future generation that will be born, either physically, metabolically, psychologically or genetically.Melanie Gaydos' story is one of the stories that remained intact in my mind from the moment I watched it. From the story, I knew that her birth defect has affected her deeply in psychosocial aspect and influenced the flows of her life, shaping her for who she was. Her story discussed on what happened to a fetus within the first fifteen days after conception. The cells began to transform into over four hundred different cell types to make up parts of the body. Human beings are made up of three layers of cells; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Any defect during this point of transformation could produce serious defects to the embryo, such as in Gaydos' case, ectodermal dysplasia. Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of inherited disorders characterised by defect in hair, teeth, nails, or sweat gland function, in addition to other abnormalities in the ectodermal tissues. The disease is caused by mutation or deletion of particular genes located on different chromosomes and it either can be passed down the family line, or the mutation occurred de novo (Bhaudaria, Sharma, & Prajapat, 2014). Talking about genes, the documentary also shared the story of Nell who inherited an extra growth gene from her father. Unlike her, a normal embryo inherits one only growth gene from both paternal and maternal origin and each of the gene balance one another to produce a normal-sized embryo. This defect made her a large for gestational age (LGA) fetus and the extra gene has stimulated the overproduction of growth hormone, IGF-2. She became morphologically larger than her peers and consequently, exposed her to a high risk of cancer. From their cases, it is important that we need to have a normal gene development to ensure a normal development of self.In our body, we have hair-like projections called cilia to direct the proper placement of organs in our body. The process usually occurs around nineteen days after conception. Average normal human beings have their hearts located on the left side of the body and the liver is located on the right side. In rare instances, there are cases where the organs are located in totally opposite sites like a mirror image and this happened to Randy Foye. His condition is called dextrocardia. Maldjian and Saric (2007) wrote a review on dextrocardia. According to their review, dextrocardia is a heart positional anomaly in which heart is located in the right hemithorax with its base-to-apex axis directed to the right and is caused by intrinsic factors of the heart itself. Since I was a medical student before, I could assure that his condition would definitely baffled any doctors of any level of experience during the regular medical check-up session. Fortunately, according to the documentary the condition did no harm to his body and he could live as a normal living being, outwardly. Commonly, dextrocardia is accompanied by cardiac anomalies (Maldjian & Saric, 2007). The formation of the heart itself began when the embryo was initially a flat disc. It then folded and became a neural tube and the edges came together to form a spinal cord. Eventually, primitive heart was created and within five weeks of pregnancy, it could already be detected by using ultrasound. Heart anomalies are extremely serious that some babies need an immediate surgery right after born. Examples of congenital heart defects are right ventricular hypertrophy, aortic valve stenosis, coarctation of aorta or atrial septal defect.